Urubyiruko mu kazi katanditse, uburyo bwo kwikura mu bushomeri

N’ubwo ubushakashatsi ku bakora n’abashomeri mu Rwanda (Labor Force Survey 2025 QUARTER 3) butangazwa n’Ikigo cy’igihugu k’ibarurishamibare (NISR) bugaragaza ko ubushomeri bwagabanutseho 1.9% mu mwaka wa 2025 ugereranyije n’umwaka wa 2024 aho bwari ku gipimo cya 15.3% bikaba biri kuri 13.4% mu mwaka wa 2025, ndetse hakaba hari ikizere ko buzakomeza kugabanuka kugeza muri 2029 biturutse ku mirimo mishya ihangwa, bamwe mu rubyiruko bavuga ko n’ubwo imibare ibagaragaza nk’abafite akazi bo biyumva nk’aho ntako kuko bisanze mu mirimo itanditse bahuriramo n’imbogamizi zitari nke.

Iyo uganiriye n’urubyiruko rwo hirya no hino mu gihugu rukora imirimo itanditse, bakubwira ko bisanze muri iyi mirimo kubw’amaburakindi kuko iyo bifuzaga batabashije kuyibona mu gihe bifuzaga. Abaganiriye na mamedecine.rw biganjemo abamotari bakorera abandi, abafundi, abayede, abakozi bo mu rugo, abacukura mu birombe by’amabuye y’agaciro, abanyonzi n’abandi. Babarizwa mu turere twa Muhanga, Gasabo, Nyarugenge, Rulindo, Gakenke, Karongi, Bugesera na Rwamagana. Muri bo harimo abarangije amashuri atandatu abanza, abarangije atandatu yisumbuye ndetse n’abashoje ikiciro cya mbere cya kaminuza. Icyo benshi bahurizaho ni uko aho kubaho ari abashomeri bahisemo gukora akazi bashyikiriye kose kugira ngo babone amikoro abafasha gusunika iminsi.

Urugero ni NAKURE Angelique ubarizwa mu Murenge wa Nyarugenge, Akarere ka Nyarugenge mu Mujyi wa Kigali akaba afite imyaka 19 y’amavuko,  ndetse na Mbabazi Clarise w’imyaka 22 y’amavuko ubarizwa mu murenge wa Muhondo mu Karere ka Gakenke mu Ntara y’Amajyaruguru bombi bakora akazi ko mu rugo. Aba bakobwa bavuga ko akazi ko mu rugo ari ko katagoye kuboneka ariko ko bakagiyemo kuko batari babonye igishoro ngo bakore ubucurruzi dore ko ari byo bombi bifuzaga. Ibyo gukora akazi katarri ak’inzozi zabo, aba bakobwa banabihurizaho na MURENZI Leon wo mu Murenge wa Rubengera, Akarere ka Karongi mu Ntara y’Iburengerazuba, afite imyaka 30. Avuga ko nubwo yarangije amashuri yisumbuye, ubu ari umufundi.

Ati:“Nize amashuri yisumbuye, ubu mfite impamyabushobozi mu ishami ry’ibaruramari (Accounting). Kubona akazi kajyanye n’ibyo nize ntibirakunda. None se nabura gushakishiriza ahashoboka ngo mbone amafaranga nite ku muryango?”

Kuba uru rubyiruko rukora akazi katajyanye n’amahitamo yabo, ntibibuza ko hari icyo kabafasha mu mibereyo yabo ya buri munsi nk’uko bigarukwaho na NIYITUZI Pacifique ubarizwa mu Karere ka Muhanga, mu Ntara y’Amajyepfo, afite imyaka 23 akaba ari umwe mu bakobwa bakora akazi ko gutwara abagenzi kuri moto.

Aragira ati: “Nize amashuri abanza gusa. Nkimara kugira imyaka 18 nahise ntangira gushaka uruhushya rwo gutwara ikinyabiziga (permis de conduire). Numvaga nshaka gukora nkiteza imbere, mpitamo kuba umumotari kuko numvaga nshaka gukora ibintu abandi batinya, mbese bitari rusange, nanjye ngatinyuka kugira ngo n’abandi batinyuke. Ubu bimfasha kubona iby’ibanze nkeneye ndetse no kwizigamira, kuko mfite intego yo kugura moto yanjye nkajya nyitwara ari njye yinjiriza kandi nzabigeraho vuba.”

N’ubwo uru rubyiruko rwemeza ko aka kazi katanditse kaboneka ku buryo bworoshye kandi kabatunze, banavuga ko bakagiriramo ingorane zitandukanye harimo nko kwamburwa, gutotezwa no gukora bataruhuka, kudahembwa umushahara uhoraho, kudateganyirizwa, kutavuzwa n’ibindi, ahanini biterwa no kuba bagakora nta masezerano (contracts) bafite.

Murekatete Solange ukora akazi ko mu rugo mu Karere ka Gasabo, agira ati: “Kubera ko nta masezerano y’akazi tuba dufite nyine baduhemba nabi ariko tukihangana kubera ko nta kundi twabigenza. Hari igihe uba ukorera nk’ibihumbi 20 yenda akaguha iibihumbi 15 agakomeza akubeshya ngo andi azayaguha, warambirwa ukiyirukana ugataha. Turahohoterwa nyine kubera ko nta masezerano y’akazi, badufata nabi.”

Ibi kandi binashimangirwa na UGIRASE Epaphrodite, umumotari ukorerea mu Karere ka Rwamagana ugira ati: “Iyo nta masezerano y’akazi ufite, ukora impanuka ntubone aho ubariza. Ikindi kandi nta bwiteganyirize bw’abakozi ubona.”

NZABIHIMANA Felix ni umunyonzi mu Karere ka Bugesera, ati: “Gukora udafite amasezerano ni bibi kuko nk’ubu ngubu njyewe ntwara igare, isaha ku isaha nyiraryo yarinyambura akariha undi. Ariko dufitanye ya masezerano, yenda dushobora kuvuga ngo mu gihe cy’umwaka nzaba mpaye nyiraryo aya n’aya noneho nkaryegukana rikaba iryanjye.”

Uru rubyiruko rwose rusaba ko abakoresha bose bakwiye kugira uruhare mu guha agaciro abakozi, ngo kuko baba babizeye bakabaha akazi, baba bagomba no kubaha amasezerano y’akazi. Ni ibintu bahurizaho na MPAKANYI Gaspard ushinzwe ubushakashatsi n’amahugurwa y’abakozi mu rugaga rw’abakozi mu Rwanda (CESTRAR), aho avuga ko inzego zitandukanye zikwiye kugira uruhare mu guharanira uburenganzira bw’abakozi yaba abakora imirimo yanditse ndetse n’itanditse hagamijwe guteza imbere umurimo unoze.

Aragira ati: “Sendika yatanze amahugurwa ku bakora ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro, abatunganya imisatsi,  (salon de coiffure), abakora isuku n’abandi basobanurirwa uburenganzira bwabo. ».

MPAKANYI kandi arakomeza avuga ko kuba uburenganzira bw’abakozi bakora imirimo itanditse butubahirizwa bigira ingaruka nyinshi yaba kuri bo ubwabo, ku miryango yabo ndetse no ku gihugu muri rusange, ariko ko iki kibazo kizabonerwa ibisubizo binyuze mu nzira y’ibiganiro.

Arakomeza ati: “Mu Rwanda hari ikintu kiza cyo gukemura ibibazo binyuze muri “social dialogue”. Niba muri “informal economy” hari ibibazo bijyanye n’uburenganzira bwabo, icyo ni ikintu cyabafasha kubikemura binyuze mu buhuza, bikabafasha kugera ku burenganzira bwabo  niba biteganywa n’amategeko. Ikindi, hari “Civil Society” ikorana n’amakoperative, n’amashyirahamwe, na yo wajyamo ukavuga uburenganzira bwawe bitewe n’intumbero ihari.”

MPAKANYI arasoza asaba Leta ko hajyaho igenzura rihoraho kugira ngo harebwe niba amategeko arengera uburenganzira bw’abakozi yubahirizwa.

Kuba abakozi bose bagombye gukora bafite amasezerano y’akazi kandi bigarukwaho na BIZIMANA Appolinaire; umukozi muri Minisiteri y’Abakozi ba Leta n’umurimo (MIFOTRA), mu ishami rishinzwe guteza imbere umurimo unoze.

Ati: “Umuntu ukora umurimo unoze ni umuntu ukora akazi kagengwa n’amasezerano y’akazi, ushobora kuba uri mu kiciro cy’abikorera, uteganyirizwa izabukuru, ubasha kubona ubwisungane mu kwivuza cyangwa se ubuvuzi bundi mu gihe waba ugiriye ikibazo mu kazi. Iyo turebye icyo ubushakashatsi bugaragaza mu myaka 7 ishize, 85% by’ imirimo yahanzwe muri NST1 usanga yaragiye ihangwa n’urubyiruko.

BIZIMANA akomeza avuga ko kuba abantu benshi biganjemo urubyiruko bakora imirimo itanditse biterwa n’impamvu zitandukanye ari nazo agarukaho mu magambo ye: “Impamvu ya 1, niko ubukungu bwacu buhagaze muri iyi minsi, icya 2 nuko abaza ku isoko ry’umurimo baruta cyane amahirwe y’umurimo uhari, ibyo bigatuma abantu benshi bagerageza kwirwanaho ari nabyo bituma ujya kubona ukabona dufite abantu benshi, urubyiruko rukisanga rurimo gukora imirimo itanditse. Icya 3, akenshi usanga abenshi ubumenyi bazana ku isoko ry’umurimo buba bugikeneye guherekezwa ngo babuhuze n’ubw’isoko ry’umurimo rikeneye. Muri icyo gihe rero hari abahitamo kujya gushakisha ari bwo usanga abenshi bajya muri ka kazi katanditse.”

Arongera ati: “Hari ingamba zifatwa. Icya mbere ni ukubwira abantu mu by’ukuri umurimo ukwiye gukorwa uwo ari wo. Tubibona no muri gahunda ngari z’igihugu (NST1 & nst2), ariko mu buryo bwa MIFOTRA bikorwa umunsi ku munsi, hari uburyo bwo kwegera abakozi n’abakoresha aho tuganira ku byakorwa kugira ngo turusheho kunoza umurimo. Buri mwaka tuba dufite ibigo bizasurwa tukareba uko abakozi baho babayeho n’icyo twabasaba kugira ngo harusheho gukorwa umurimo unoze. Ikindi dufatanya n’abikorera, inzego z’abakozi na Sosiyete sivile tugakorana tugatanga ubutumwa, tugakora ubukangurambaga bugamije ko umunyarwanda yakora umurimo unoze.”

Arakomeza ati: “Imirimo y’abamotari n’ abafundi na yo ni imirimo kuko igira uruhare mu kuzamura ubukungu bw’igihugu no kwiteza imbere na bo ubwabo, icyo ni kimwe. Icya kabiri turebye nk’ibyo kwiteganyiriza n’icyo kugira amasezerano y’akazi, nta kintu na kimwe kibuza umuntu guha umukozi amasezerano y’akazi, n’iyo yaba isaha 1. Abo ba motari, abafundi, abakozi bo mugo hari ahandi baca bakiteganyiriza nko muri EJO HEZA. Muri buri karere habamo umukozi ushinzwe gukurikirana niba buri muntu yiteganyiriza muri EJO HEZA.”

BIZIMANA asoza atanga inama ko gukora umurimo wanditse birimo inyungu, ati: “Byaba ari ingorane gutangirira ku myaka 16 ukora imirimo itanditse ukazarinda usaza, ugasanga ugize intege nke, ukibona ugiye ku Murenge usaba ubufasha kandi wakabaye waragiye ugira icyo uteganya. Abikorera tubashishikariza inshuro nyinshi ko abakozi babo bakwiye gushyirirwaho uburyo bwo guteganyirizwa, ndetse turanabigenzura. Abantu bashishikarizwa gukora imirimo yanditse, abo bigoye bagashishikarizwa kwishyira hamwe nko mu makoperative, mu matsinda ashobora gutuma imbaraga zabo zijya hamwe. Iyo turebye uko urugendo rw’iterambere rugenda, tubona ko igihe kizagera abantu bakaba bakora imirimo yanditse.”

Mu bantu 25 bo mu turere 8 babajijwe, muri bo 2 bavuze ko kuba bakora akazi katanditse ntacyo bibatwaye, 18 bavuga ko nta yandi mahitamo bari bafite kandi ko katabanyuze mu gihe 5 bo bavuga ko ari ukubura uko bagira kuko atari byo bigiye. Icyo bahuriraho bose nuko kuba bakora nta masezerano y’akazi bafite bituma nta mutekano bagira ndetse nta n’iterambere rirambye bakwizera kuzageraho mu gihe nta cyaba gikozwe ngo aka kazi katanditswe nako kanozwe.

Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’ibarurishamibare (NISR) kandi mu bushakashatsi bwacyo ku bakora n’abashomeri mu Rwanda, igihembwe cya 3-2025 kigaragaza ko ijanisha ku rubyiruko rufite akazi, ni ukuvuga kuva ku myaka 16-30 ari 56,6% naho urubyiruko rw’abashomeri ari 15,5%.

Yanditswe na MUKAMUSONI Fulgencie